答题时长：180分钟;满分150分。
考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸(卷)上，写在本试题上一律不给分。
I. Vocabulary & Grammar (30%)
Directions: There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
1. Education and work can be restructured to teach and ______ the skills of concentration and focus.
A. propose B. propagate C. propel D. proceed
2. It's difficult to _________ the demands of my job and the desire to be a good father.
A. reconcile B. combine C. relate D. integrate
3. Break out of this guilt and let yourself ________ in your sense of accomplishment for what you have gotten done instead of what there is still to do.
A. absorb B. indulge C. involve D. relish
4. For this, we never ________ the use of force, as it is common aspiration and sacred mission of the people of China to safeguard China’s sovereignty and also to reunify our motherland.
A. declare B. renounce C. announce D. claim
5. Because of his adventures, he is a person of far greater experience and ________.
A. resourcefulness B. resources C. considerations D. thoughtfulness
6. If a machine, railway line, or bridge is ________, it is deliberately damaged or destroyed, for example, in a war or as a protest.
A. exploded B. bombed C. bombarded D. sabotaged
7. Even if we could collect most of what we gave out – which we can't – a scant _______ of high-powered weapons in the hands of bad actors can be disastrous in a place where government control is weak.
A. amount B. volume C. handful D. number
8. Study the contract thoroughly and carefully, ________ your duties and what happens if you break the contract.
A. scrutinize B. watch C. observe D. keep
9. Half of those surveyed say that the penalty should be as severe as ________ for drunk driving.
A. these B. those C. this D. that
10. If you describe someone as ________, you disapprove of them because they are too proud of their social status, intelligence, or taste.
A. arrogant B. snobbish C. conceited D. contemptuous
11. If Albert Einstein lived today, he would be surprised by what _______ in science and technology.
A had discovered B. had been discovered
C. has discovered. D. has been discovered.
12. ---- Your sister nearly devoted all her time to her course during the three years.
---- That’s right, or she _________ the first place in her school in the 2018 College Entrance Examination.
A. wouldn’t take B. wouldn’t have taken
C. hadn’t taken D. couldn’t take
13. The country has sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _______ at the end of last March.
A. has been launched B. having been launched
C. being launched D. to be launched
14. A whale is _______ a fish _______ a horse is.
A. no more, than B. no rather, than
C. not more, than D. not, rather than
15. Fortunately, a British games and advertising company, Captive Media, has ________ a solution to cope with the situation.
A. come off B. come up with
C. come over D. come on
16. While governments and companies should take ________ measures to stop abuse, attempts to control the Internet is not the simple solution.
A. sentimental B. sensitive
C. sensational D. sensible
17. I'm sure I'm not alone in feeling anxious, ______ and worried when I don't have my phone with me.
A. in edge B. on edge
C. at edge D. off edge
18. What we are suggesting is that a population-wide ________ to reduce salt intake, even slightly, will have health benefits.
A. effort B. affect C. effect D. efficacy
19. Experts say that on a hot and humid day we can lose up to four litres of fluid through sweating and ________.
A. inhalation B. exhalation
C. expiration D. inspiration
20. For a small number of us, extreme jealousy can lead to ________ behaviour like stalking and it can also cause depression, ________ relationships and even kill.
A. obsessing ... destroying B. obsessive ... destroy
C. obsession ... destruction D. obsessed... destroyed
21. This is the last part of the hike now and it will be difficult. Let’s take a break to ____________and then keep going.
A. take ourselves B. support ourselves
C. go ourselves D. steady ourselves
22. Hundreds of people turned ___ at Sophie's Hair when they saw an advert offering free haircuts _____ no strings attached.
A. on ... at B. up ... with
C. in ... on D. down ... of
23. It found that the high rate of infant brain cell production could increase forgetfulness, because new cells ____________ existing mental circuits.
A. interfere with B. add into
C. affect into D. result from
24. There's a new system in development which will make it possible to read the unique maps of veins under the surface of your finger, and use them to ___________ payments – or prove that it's you making the payments.
A. realize B. engage
C. authenticate D. appreciate
25. For the lucky few, there's the chance of being plucked from ___________ and thrown into the glamorous world of modeling.
A. celebrity B. obscurity
C. irritation D. integration
26. In 2002, in an ____________ move in the European Union, Germany ________ some rights to animals in its constitution.
A. incredible ... delivered B. unbelievable ... relieved
C. indecent ... took D. unprecedented ... granted
27. Around the world, girls do better than boys at school while in only three regions – Colombia, Costa Rica and the Indian state Himachal Pradesh –________________ with boys doing better.
A. was reversed the trend B. was the trend reversed
C. the trend was reversed D. reversed was the trend
28. In Britain, the Equality Act of 2010 makes it _________ for organizations to make reasonable __________ for disabled people.
A. obligatory ... development B. responsible ... changes
C. mandatory ... adjustments D. significant ... technique
29. A new project wants to use the power of science fiction to _______ people to create a better future.
A. inspire B. umpire
C. expire D. respire
30. Why you are made to walk down many aisles to reach the everyday _________ at the back of the shop?
A. essentials B. essence
C. commodity D. base
II. Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: This part consists of two sections. In Section A, there are three passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. In Section B, there are two passages followed by a total of 10 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Section A Multiple-Choice Questions (20%)
Passage 1
Questions 31 to 37 are based on the following passage.
Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.
Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Company or MESBIC. The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to become future suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company.
MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.
Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the “social responsibility approach” and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course is followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.
31. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
A. The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.
B. There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.
C. After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.
D. Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely.
32. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differs from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s
A. seek federal contracts to provide markets for minority businesses.
B. encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses.
C. attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector.
D. rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses.
33. Which of the following does the author cite to support the conclusion that the results of the SBA program were disappointing?
A. The small number of new minority enterprises formed as a result of the program.
B. The small number of minority enterprises that took advantage of the management and technical assistance offered under the program.
C. The small percentage of the nation’s business receipts earned by minority enterprises following the programs implementation.
D. The small percentage of recipient minority enterprises that were able to repay federally guaranteed loans made under the program.
34. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?
A. The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
B. Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.
C. The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.
D. Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.
35. The author’s primary objective in the passage is to ________.
A. disprove the view that federal efforts to aid minority businesses have been ineffective
B. explain how federal efforts to aid minority businesses have changed since the 1960’s
C. establish a direct link between the federal efforts to aid minority businesses made before the 1960’s and those made in the 1980’s
D. analyze the basis for the belief that job-specific experience is more useful to minority businesses than is general management experience
36. It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff members toward the investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can best be described as
A. disapproving B. defensive
C. shocked D. indifferent
37. The passage provides information that would answer which of the following questions?
A. What was the average annual amount, in dollars, of minority business receipts before the SBA strategy was implemented?
B. What locations are considered to be unfavorable for minority businesses?
C. What is the current success rate for minority businesses that are capitalized by MESBIC’s?
D. How has the use of federal funding for minority businesses changed since the 1960’s?
Passage 2
Questions 38 to 44 are based on the following passage.
In 1977 the prestigious Ewha Women’s University in Seoul, Korea, announced the opening of the first women’s studies program in Asia. Few academic programs have ever received such public attention. In broadcast debates, critics dismissed the program as a betrayal of national identity, an imitation of Western ideas, and a distraction from the real task of national unification and economic development. Even supporters underestimated the program; they thought it would be merely another of the many Western ideas that had already proved useful in Asian culture, akin to airlines, electricity, and the assembly line. The founders of the program, however, realized that neither view was correct. They had some reservations about the applicability of Western feminist theories to the role of women in Asia and felt that such theories should be closely examined. Their approach has thus far yielded important critiques of Western theory, informed by the special experience of Asian women.
For instance, like the Western feminist critique of the Freudian model of the human psyche, the Korean critique finds Freudian theory culture-bound, but in ways different from those cited by Western theorists. The Korean theorists claim that Freudian theory assumes the universality of the Western nuclear, male-headed family and focuses on the personality formation of the individual, independent of society. An analysis based on such assumptions could be valid for a highly competitive, individualistic society. In the Freudian family drama, family members are assumed to be engaged in a Darwinian struggle against each other—father against son and sibling against sibling. Such a concept projects the competitive model of Western society onto human personalities. But in the Asian concept of personality there is no ideal attached to individualism or to the independent self. The Western model of personality development does not explain major characteristics of the Korean personality, which is social and group-centered. The “self” is a social being defined by and acting in a group, and the well-being of both men and women is determined by the equilibrium of the group, not by individual self-assertion. The ideal is one of interdependency.
In such a context, what is recognized as “dependency” in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an admission of weakness or failure. All this bears directly on the Asian perception of men’s and women’s psychology because men are also “dependent.” In Korean culture, men cry and otherwise easily show their emotions, something that might be considered a betrayal of masculinity in Western culture. In the kinship-based society of Korea, four generations may live in the same house, which means that people can be sons and daughters all their lives, whereas in Western culture, the roles of husband and son, wife and daughter, are often incompatible.
38. Which of the following best summarizes the content of the passage?
A. A critique of a particular women’s studies program.
B. A report of work in social theory done by a particular women’s studies program.
C. An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a particular women’s studies program.
D. An analysis of the philosophy underlying women’s studies programs.
339. It can be inferred from the passage that Korean scholars in the field of women’s studies undertook an analysis of Freudian theory as a response to which of the following?
A. Attacks by critics of the Ewha women’s studies program.
B. The superficiality of earlier critiques of Freudian theory.
C. The popularity of Freud in Korean psychiatric circles.
D. Their assessment of the relevance and limitations of Western feminist theory with respect to Korean culture.
40. Which of the following conclusions about the introduction of Western ideas to Korean society can be supported by information contained in the passage?
A. Except for technological innovations, few Western ideas have been successfully transplanted into Korean society.
B. The introduction of Western ideas to Korean society is viewed by some Koreans as a challenge to Korean identity.
C. The development of the Korean economy depends heavily on the development of new academic programs modeled after Western programs.
D. The extent to which Western ideas must be adapted for acceptance by Korean society is minimal.
41. It can be inferred from the passage that the position taken by some of the supporters of the Ewha women’s studies program was problematic to the founders of the program because those supporters ________.
A. assumed that the program would be based on the uncritical adoption of Western theory
B. failed to show concern for the issues of national unification and economic development
C. were unfamiliar with Western feminist theory
D. were not themselves scholars in the field of women’s studies
42. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the view of personality development held by the Ewha women’s studies group?
A. Personality development occurs in identifiable stages, beginning with dependency in childhood and ending with independence in adulthood.
B. Any theory of personality development, in order to be valid, must be universal.
C. Personality development is influenced by the characteristics of the society in which a person lives.
D. Personality development is hindered if a person is not permitted to be independent.
43. Which of the following statements about the Western feminist critique of Freudian theory can be supported by information contained in the passage?
A. It recognizes the influence of Western culture on Freudian theory.
B. It was written after 1977.
C. It acknowledges the universality of the nuclear, male-headed family.
D. It challenges Freud’s analysis of the role of daughters in Western society.
44. According to the passage, critics of the Ewha women’s studies program cited the program as a threat to which of the following?
I. National identity
II. National unification
III. Economic development
IV. Family integrity
A. I only B. I and II only
C. I, II, and III only D. II, III, and IV only
Passage 3
Questions 45 to 50 are based on the following passage.
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.
45. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?
A. A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.
B. Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.
C. A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.
D. A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.
46. According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that ________.
A. spending had outdistanced income
B. trade had fallen off
C. profits from mining had declined
D. the coinage had been sharply debased
47. The passage implies that individual samurai did not find it easy to recover from debt for which of the following reasons?
A. Agricultural production had increased.
B. Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
C. There was a limit to the amount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.
D. The domains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as government revenues increased.
48. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector
A. was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
B. was regarded with derision by many Japanese
C. remained within families
D. existed only in castle-towns
49. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?
A. A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.
B. Most of the country’s wealth appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.
C. Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.
D. The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.
50. According to the passage, the actions of the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable because those actions
A. raised the cost of living by pushing up prices
B. resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold
C. were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated
D. did not succeed in reducing government spending
Section B Short-Answer Questions (20%)
Passage 4
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development of farming communities there from 1890 to 1940. The Issei (first-generation immigrants) were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets. Like Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via the “boss” system. The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Issei boardinghouses where laborers stayed; and labor contractors, who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the “labor club,” which provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters, such as the rental of land, for Issei who chose to belong and paid an annual fee to the cooperative for membership.
When the local sugar beet industry collapsed in 1902, the Issei began to lease land from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to sharecropping agreements. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly, while others joined together to form farming corporations. As the Issei began to operate farms, they began to marry and start families, forming an established Japanese American community. Unfortunately, the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913. But immigrants could circumvent such exclusionary laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born children’s names.
Nakane’s case study of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is, however, too particularistic. This limitation derives from Nakane’s methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings, and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?
51. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
52. According to the passage, what is the name of the cooperative association whose members were dues-paying Japanese laborers?
53. What can you infer from the passage about immigrants’ landownership as prescribed by the Alien Land Law of 1913?
54. Several Issei families join together to purchase a strawberry field and the necessary farming equipment. What does such a situation best exemplify, as is described in the passage?
55. In the last paragraph, why does the author say that the study is too particularistic?
Passage 5
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and form structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified: auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.
Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific; that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five has so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to produce ethylene.
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones. Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharins are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosaccharins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall.
56. According to the passage, why are the five well-known plant hormones not useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops?
57. In terms of their place in hormonal hierarchies, which hormones in animals are similar to the five well-known plant hormones?
58. What does the author intend to illustrate by mentioning specific effects that auxin has on plant development?
59. Why does the author discuss animal hormones?
60. How do plant hormones work in the process of cells differentiating and forming different structures of plants?
III. Writing (30%)
Directions: In this part you are going to write an essay of about 400-500 words within 60 minutes on the following topic. Write your essay on the Answer Sheet.
Extracurricular classes or private supplementary tutoring is growing around the world, particularly in China. Normally, in major Chinese cities, children have two or three extra lessons outside school. Parents in China pay much for their children to be tutored as they may feel inadequate if they do not help their child succeed in every way. However, it does pile economic pressure on parents and increase study burden of pupils.
Are extracurricular classes necessary for students in China? Please develop your point of view into a 400-500 words article.
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